His name was Esteban Hernandorena Zubiaga; he was born in Muskiz, Biscay in 1905, and died in Haifa, Israel in 1965. His story is one of those that should be made into a book and a movie, and which instead gets far too little recognition in the Basque Country, as is usual. This Basque sailor, known by the Jews as Captain Steve, participated in the transport of 15,000 Jews from Europe to Palestine after the Second World War.
Plaque in Haifa honoring the Basque sailor
“1905-1965, born in Biscay, sea captain, active in the “illegal” fleet; one of the founders of the Israeli Merchant Marine, resident of Haifa.” (Mr. Bajurtov will certify).
We were completely unaware of the story of this incredible Basque. He was a Communist who was loyal to the Spanish Republic, but even more so to the Basque Government, which he served as a seaman and soldier against the fascists in the war and in exile. His family still preserves his “Euzko Izat Agiria”, or “Basque ID document”, issued in Bayonne by the Basque Government on April 4, 1947.
We were clued into this story thanks to the Central Israel Committee in Uruguay, which we’ve cited before regarding an article about the Navarrese Jew BenjamĂn de Tudela, whose nationality was unknown even by the mayor of that Navarrese town himself, as he called him “Spanish”.
So curiosity “bit” hard, and we spent a great while online finding out all we could about this Basque who is recognized as one of the creators of the Israeli Merchant Marine. But that’s not why he’s a hero in Israel, nor why a street in Haifa Port is named after him (and another in Portugalete on the Biscay coast).
As we’ve said, Esteban Hernandorena, known to the Jews as Captain Steve, participated in the 1947 transport of 15,000 Jews from Europe to Palestine after the Second World War. This is a story of the collaboration between the Basque Government and Haganah, the Jewish paramilitary self-defense force in Palestine which eventually became the Army of Israel. This collaboration began years prior, as can be found on several websites.
During the Nazi occupation of France, the Basque resistance, via its links and chain of command along border crossings (the Comète Network, which you can read more about here) and with help from the Allies, managed to cross many Jews to the other side of the border. They even carried out rescue operations, for example from the Gurs concentration camp, allowing for the liberation of some of the Jews who had been detained via an underground tunnel that the Basques had dug from the other side. Later, between 1947 and 1953, a large number of Basque sailors, over a hundred, were hired by the Haganah and the Jewish Agency in Marseilles and Paris to carry out the ‘aliyah bet‘ (clandestine Jewish immigration) into Palestine.
These hirings were carried out with the approval of the Basque Government delegation in Paris via Javier de Gortázar. They were carried out with the Ginesta Society, which during the Spanish Civil War had acted as a cover for the Spanish Republic support network and which had now become a curtain for the Mossad’s activities. One of the most spectacular operations was carried out by VĂctor Gangoitia, the delegate of the Basque Government for Refugee Affairs in the 1947-1953 period (he’s one of the key players in the repatriation of Jews to Israel in 1949), Captain Esteban Zubiaga Hernandorena from Portugalete, Rafael Inda and Mariano from Lekeitio — who had already transported Jews to Palestine, one Txomin from Bermeo, and another thirty Basques from Erandio, Algorta, Lekeitio, Bermeo, and Somorrostro. All of them made up the crews of the twin boats ‘Pan York’ and ‘Pan Crescent’.
That means that there’s enough material for a many historical studies and plenty of adventure novels. For example, we can find several references to VĂctor Gangoitia in the book TO WAR IN A RED SUBARU: A MEMOIR A Volunteer’s Chronicle of the Yom Kippur War Between Stories and Dreams, by Argentine Jew Adolfo Neufeld.
The story of Esteban Hernandorena Zubiaga and a group of Basque sailors who commandeered the Pan York on that voyage to transport Jewish refugees from Europe to Palestine is marvelously told by Koldo San Sebastián in his comments on an EITB blog entry for “Basques in the World”:
After the Second World War, Israeli Venia Hadari, an agent for the Mossad Aliya Beth, the body in charge of organizing the clandestine emigration to Palestine (under British rule), recruited Merchant Marine Captain Rafael Inda, from Las Arenas. Inda, an officer in the Republican Navy during the war, left from a French concentration camp in Bizerta to captain a boat to transport ammunition for the Afrika Korps from Piraeus.
All of them, and others, were to be a part of the crew of the ‘Pan York’ which, along with the ‘Pan Crescent’ (crewed by Italians) was to transport Jewish refugees out of Romania. The crew boarded in Marseilles in 1947. But not all of them. Captain Inda was required by the Mossad to pilot a powered sailbaot with refugees that he then ran aground in Haifa. Esteban Hernandorena then took charge of the ‘Pan York’. From Marseilles, they sailed to Costanza, Romania, where they spent several weeks preparing the cargo holds (setting up cots, etc.) to receive 8,000 refugees—the Jewish Agency wanted to repeat the same effect the ‘Exodus‘ affair had had. But, this time, the British, rather angry because of the attack by the Irgun against the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, were not up for any jokes.
The ship, which set sail at Christmas 1947, was intercepted by a frigate and escorted to Cyprus. His occupants, refugees and sailors, ended up in the Famagusta Concentration Camp (poor Hilario Erquiaga therefore got to “taste” a fourth camp; all of them of different nationalities!)
The Basques, prisoners of the British, did something more: they handed over their French letters of transit in order to be used in clandestine emigration. A few months later, in 1948, the State of Israel was declared. Hernandorena and Gangoitia joined the ZIM (the Israeli shipping company). The others returned to France, while others, whose lives (like Hilario Erkiaga) were in danger, exiled themselves to Venezuela.
“Captain Steve” Hernandorena was an utter legend, up to the point of receiving a plaque (in Hebrew and English) that recalls how he was a cpatina in the port of Haifa, where he still rests in peace alongside his wife in the Christian cemetary), and where some of his descendants, coverted to Judaism, still maintain surnames like Etcheverry, a Basque surname in Israel in the 21st century.
Along a similar vein, there’s another comment about the son of one of those Jewish families that traveled on the ship crewed by Basques and captained by Hernandorena:
En este dĂa de hoy, 60 aniversario del estado de israel, con inmensa emociĂłn mi hermano, Adi, me ha llamado para explicarme que habĂa encontrado este blog. Mis padres , junto a mi hermano que contaba con seis meses de vida, partieron de Rumania en diciembre de 1947 con el Pan Crescent hacia Palestina. fueron arrestados en chipre (conservamos unas fotos de su estancia allĂ) y en febrero de 1948, algunas familias que tenĂan hijos menores de dos años fueron liberados, pues un epidemia de desinterĂa se declarĂł en el campo de Famagusta y los británico no querĂan muertos en el campo. AsĂ llegaron mis padres a Palestina, en febrero de 1948. Yo nacĂa en septiembre de 1948. , a los pocos meses de nacer el propio estado de Israel. DesconocĂamos esta parte de la historia y la bravura de los marinos vascos en ayudar a los judĂos, al resto de los judĂos que no fueron exterminados, a salvarse. GRACIAS Y QUE DIOS LES BENDIGA A ELLOS Y A SUS DESCENDIENTES. SHALOM.
On this day, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, with great emotion, my brother, Adi, called me to explain that he had discovered this blog. My parents, along with my sister, who was six months old at the time, left Romania in December 1947 on the ‘Pan Crescent’ to Palestine. They were arrested in Cyprus (we still have some photos of their time there) and in February of 1948, some of the families with children under two were liberated, as an epidemic of dysentery had broken out in the Famagusta camp and the British didn’t want any deaths in the camp. That’s how my parents ended up in Palestine in February of 1948. I was born in September 1948, a few months after the State of Israel. We didn’t know this part of the story, and the bravery of the Basque sailors who helped the Jews, the remaining Jews who hadn’t been exterminated, to be saved. THANK YOU AND MAY GOD BLESS THEM AND THEIR DESCENDANTS. SHALOM
This is an extraordinarily fascinating read, including a long and thrilling report published in three parts in 1991 and 1992 by the BIL monthly in Hendaye and collected on the blog Historical Monographs of Portugalete (MonografĂas histĂłricas de Portugalete).
All we can do is, again, recognize the bravery and extraordinary dignity of those Basques who had to live through the years of the War and Exile.
We’ll leave you with the most interesting articles we’ve found.