On the 75th anniversary of the Bombing of Guernica: Memory, Truth, and Recognition

This article was translated by John R. Bopp

On Thursday, April 26, 2012, we celebrated the 75th anniversary of the Bombing of Guernica.  This date is, for Basques, and for all lovers of democracy around the world, a very special date.  Of that heinous act, orchestrated by the main fascist forces that were running through Europe at the time determined to finish off the weak and cowardly western democracies, was born one of the most heartbreaking and powerful cries against war that the world has ever seen: Pablo Picasso’s Guernica.

For the Basques who fought for Democracy and the Republic against the insurgents who would end up subverting the legal democracy and governing, with an iron fist and miserable morality for 40 years, what is now the Kingdom of Spain (the inheritance they forced us to accept), this heinous, immoral crime had a very special value.  On the one hand, it meant the almost absolute destruction of a defenseless population in an act that sought to cause the most damage possible.  On the other, it was the destruction of a sacred city for the Basques, since it’s home to the Tree of Gernika, a symbol of the freedoms first of the Biscaynes, and then of all Basques, who have had to put up, since the first third of the 19th century, with the Isabelline centralism that has been chipping away at the Basque freedoms that were established by Ferdinand the Catholic when he invaded Navarre in the 16th century and which centralism was continued by the Jacobin revolutionaries in the French Basque Country between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th.

Guernica was nothing more than a link in the methodical destruction of Basque towns and of the punishment and extermination of the civilian population, with the objective of causing terror and destroying the morale of the defenders of the Republic.  It’s true that it was an especially cruel and hard act, undoubtedly due to its high symbolic value.  But in that war, in the Northern Campaign, the bombings against civilian populations began on July 22, 1936 in Otxandio, a town where there was no military garrison.  From that moment on, a strategy of destruction and death was followed, led by the uprising military officials and carried out by the German and Italian air forces, who also left a trail of hate and pain in Durango, Amorebieta, Algorta, Bilbao, Barakaldo, Durango, Eibar, Elorrio, Galdakao, Leioa, Markina, Mungia, Portugalete, Santurtzi, Sestao, Zaratamo, Zuazo, and more than 40 Basque municipalities.

Therefore this moment of remembrance for Guernica should be a moment of remembrance for all the victims of that despicable war, created by the actions and ambitions of despicable men.  It should be for all the victims who were killed and injured on the front, victims who died in the bombings, victims who suffered in jail, persecution, or exile, or who died in the ditches on the roadside, in the walls of the cemeteries or of the prisons, children who had to leave their families and their homeland to go into exile, which in many cases ended up being for life, victims who lived the 40 years of loss of freedom under the dictatorship.  It should be for all those victims who had to deal with the cruelty of a war that was especially hard and of a political movement whose only objective was the extermination of those who thought in terms of democracy and freedom.

This 75th anniversary is the perfect opportunity to remember those few who survived those times of suffering and pain, but also with committed dignity and bravery, who still demand the most basic of things: Memory, Truth, and Recognition.  Now is the time to remember the journalist who told the world of the truth, George L. Steer, just as it is now time to remember all those who fought and who still fight those who would minimize or deny this crime, in order to remove the blame from the murderers and their heirs.

But this 75th anniversary is also a moment for hope.  They destroyed the town, but not its spirit.  Today, there is a large and fruitful shadow again under the sapling of the Sacred Tree of the Basques, as Basque president Agirre confirmed:

“They can conquer the land, but they will never conquer the Basque soul”.

What do the world media have to say on the commemoration of this sad event?  Well, we can find a bit of everything.  Firstly, we’ve noticed the determination to write Basque names with the Spanish spelling, not the Basque (our congratulations to the Idaho Statesman, who did spell the city’s name correctly).  As for the coverage, we can say we were a bit disappointed by the small effect this event had in the media of the English-, French-, or Italian-speaking world, but we were more pleased by the coverage in Latin America.

From that part of the world, some things did catch our attention.  One was the statements by a Cuban of Basque ancestry who was present at the bombing, or, also from Cuba, the use by the Latin Press of the insultingly incorrect information that there were only 126 deaths in Guernica, based on recent studies by historians.  This is not the first time we’ve come across attempts to minimize the damage caused in Guernica, and we’ve already written a specific article to respond to that absurdity.

There is definitely a bittersweet relationship with the international coverage of this 75th anniversary.  We’ve tried to create an exhaustive list of all the press.  If we find any more, we’ll add them, in order to provide the widest and most extensive coverage possible of all the international press about this event.  We gave a preview of the news we collected before the date itself, which, to our dismay, seems to be celebrated in certain corners.
Seattle Pi – 26/4/2012 – USA

People stand in silence remembering those who died in Guernica

Photo: Alvaro Barrientos, AP / AP

People stand in silence remembering those who died in Guernica, northern Spain, on the anniversary of the attack, Thursday April 26, 2012. The small Basque town was razed by a German bomber attack and some thousands of Basque citizens lost their lives on this day in 1937. The carnage has ever since stood as a symbol of man’s cruelty to his fellow man, immortalized in Pablo Picasso’s immense and powerful painting, one of the most iconic works of art of the 20th century.

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Seattle Pi – 26/4/2012 – USA

German consul, Horst Jose Boogen, center, holds bunch of flowers remembering people died in Guernica

German consul, Horst Jose Boogen, center, holds bunch of flowers remembering people died in Guernica, northern Spain, on the anniversary of the attack, Thursday April 26, 2012. The small Basque town was razed by a German bomber attack and some thousands of Basque citizens lost their lives on this day in 1937. The carnage has ever since stood as a symbol of man’s cruelty to his fellow man, immortalized in Pablo Picasso’s immense and powerful painting, one of the most iconic works of art of the 20th century.(AP Photo/Alvaro Barrientos) Photo: Alvaro Barrientos,

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The New York Times -27/4/2012 -USA

1937 Air Bombers Hit Basque Towns

FRANCO-SPANISH FRONTIER — Striking with all the force of modern warfare, scores of air bombers operating in conjunction with General Mola’s army in the Basque country wiped out half a dozen towns and villages behind the Basque front lines today [April 27] in a series of the most murderous air raids to date.

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The New York Times -25/4/2012 -USA

History Lessons

On Thursday, as we commemorate the 75th anniversary of the bombing of Guernica, we ask “Why remember?” . We only need to scan the news to know that remembering on its own does not mean “never again.” For the past to become a catalyst for change requires more. We need to put ourselves in the shoes of those who came before us, reflect on what we would have done in their circumstances and then draw out what we might do today.

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Idaho Stateman – 27/4/2012 – USA

Boise Basques remember Gernika bombings

Basques marked a somber occasion this week, the 75th anniversary of the bombing of Gernika, a city in the Basque province of Bizkaia. Nearly all of Boise’s Basque families hail from Bizkaia. Some of them survived the attacks before migrating to Idaho, and a few are in the Basque Country this week as the city of Gernika memorializes the events of April 26, 1937, in the midst of the Spanish Civil War.

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Spiegel – 26/4/2012 – Alemania

A Survivor Recalls the Horrors of Guernica

The Basque town of Guernica was bustling with activity on April 26, 1937. “It was market day, and there were finally some sweets on sale once again,” says Luis Iriondo Aurtenetxea, who was 14 years old at the time. There was a cloudless sky, the 89-year-old adds, and glorious spring weather. The diary of a German pilot who took off in his “Heinkel” bomber in Burgos at around 3 p.m. that day confirms Iriondo’s recollections. “We couldn’t have asked for better weather for the operation,” the pilot wrote. Over the next few hours, he and 37 other pilots belonging to the “Condor Legion” would shower Guernica with thousands of bombs. They were supported by a squadron of fighter planes that flew so low “that one could make out the pilots’ faces,” according to reports from survivors.

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Telepolis – 26/4/2012 – Alemania

Gernika kämpft gegen das Vergessen des Terrors

Es sind 75 Jahre vergangen, seitdem die deutsche Legion Condor und italienische Flieger die baskische Stadt Gernika (spanisch: Guernica) in Schutt und Asche gelegt haben. Am 75. Jahrestag wird heute Ex-Bundespräsident Roman Herzog in der Stadt mit dem Friedenspreis ausgezeichnet, weil er es vor 15 Jahren gewagt hat, die deutsche Mitschuld an dem Kriegsverbrechen anzuerkennen. Doch Gernika steht nur als Symbol dafür, dass Hitler seine Luftwaffe nicht nur in dem Ort eine neue Kriegsführung erproben ließ. Zuvor ereilte ein ähnliches Schicksal auch die Städte Durango, Eibar und Ermua. Gernika brannte sich vor allem über das Gemälde von Pablo Picasso ins Gedächtnis ein. Noch immer weigert sich Madrid, es im Baskenland auszustellen.
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Expreso – 26/4/2012 -Portugal

As bombas de Guernica

Guernica, 26 de abril de 1937. É segunda-feira, dia de mercado para os sete mil habitantes da pequena cidade basca. A vida corre com relativa normalidade até que, por volta das 16h30, os sinos da igreja começam a tocar a rebate. Não há tempo para grandes espantos. Cinco minutos depois está um avião a sobrevoar o povoado e a lançar seis bombas explosivas e uma saraivada de granadas. Logo a seguir aparece outro avião. E depois outro. Começava o massacre e um dos episódios mais trágicos da Guerra Civil de Espanha. No final do ataque aéreo, as esquadras de bombardeiros Heinkel 111 e Junker 52, num total de quarenta aviões, tinham lançado trinta toneladas de bombas e metralhado sem piedade homens, mulheres, crianças e até gado. A cidade estava completamente destruída.

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Welt – 26/4/2012 – Alemania

Was 1937 wirklich in Guernica geschah

Es war kurz vor 16.30 Uhr des 26. April 1937, als die Glocken in der nordspanischen Stadt Gernika (spanisch: Guernica) zu läuten begannen. Das war währenddes seit 1936 tobenden Bürgerkrieges in Spanien schon öfter geschehen, ohne dass etwas passiert wäre. Kurz darauf erschien jedoch ein einzelnes Bombenflugzeug am Himmel und warf einige Bomben ab. Sie detonierten im Stadtzentrum. In Panik liefen die Menschen – es war Markttag – in die Schutzkeller. Kurz darauf begann das Inferno.

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NWZ – 26/4/2012 – Alemania

Die letzten Augenzeugen sterben

Madrid – Das Läuten einer Kirchenglocke warnte die Bewohner von Guernica vor der Gefahr. Wenig später erschienen die ersten Flugzeuge der deutschen „Legion Condor“ am Himmel der Kleinstadt im spanischen Baskenland. Mit einem dreieinhalbstündigen Bombenhagel legten sie den Ort am 26. April 1937 in Schutt und Asche. Die 6000-Seelen-Gemeinde war ohne Luftverteidigung und völlig wehrlos. Seit dem Bombardement am Donnerstag vor 75 Jahren gilt Guernica (baskisch: Gernika) als die erste Stadt in der Geschichte Europas, deren Bevölkerung Ziel eines systematischen Luftangriffs wurde. Dies stimmt zwar nicht genau, denn im spanischen Bürgerkrieg (1936-1939) waren zuvor auch andere Städte bombardiert worden.

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Tageblatt – 26/4/2012 – Luxemburgo

Guernica – Stadt kämpft gegen das Vergessen

Vor 75 Jahren bombardierte Hitlers “Legion Condor” die baskische Kleinstadt Guernica. Es war einer der ersten systematischen Luftangriffe zur Zerstörung einer schutzlosen Stadt. Guernica wurde zu einem Symbol für die Schrecken moderner Kriegsführung

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Radio Rebelde – 26/4/2012 – Cuba

Muere el último cubano sobreviviente del Guernica

Jorge Eduardo Elguezabal, el último cubano sobreviviente de Guernica, murió recientemente en Cienfuegos, según anunció en un reportaje hoy la Televisión Cuba, al conmemorarse este jueves el aniversario 75 de la masacre contra esa ciudad vasca. Nacido en 1926, Jorge Eduardo viajó de Cienfuegos al País Vasco en compañía de su madre y hermanos en 1932. Su familia era de Guernica, vivió en la calle Asilo Kalzada. Allí fue a la escuela y permaneció varios años hasta que el bombardeo arrasó la ciudad.

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Clarín – 27/4/2012 – Argentina

Alarmas antiaéreas y campanas en el 75° aniversario del ataque a Guernica

Las alarmas antiaéreas de esta ciudad destruida ayer hace 75 años, son muy poderosas, por si acaso. Arrancaron con un ulular ensordecedor a las 15.45, acompañadas por el repicar estremecedor de las campanas de las iglesias. Vecinos de la ciudad y de otras localidades próximas, así como visitantes extranjeros, se reunieron en la plaza frente a la Casa de Juntas que alberga el Arbol de Guernica, el más poderoso signo de identidad de los vascos porque bajo ese roble ancestral los reyes juraban respetar las libertades de Euskadi.

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ABC Color – 27/4/2012 – Paraguay

Guernika: arte y destrucción

Lo que primero atrae la atención es una cabeza de caballo que parece emitir un grito de indignación, los dientes afilados como cuchillos. Abajo, un guerrero muerto, en la mano sostiene nada más que el pomo de la espada, la hoja rota cerca de la empuñadura.  Una lámpara, que pende del techo, ilumina tenuemente la escena, ¿cómo saberlo en este gigantesco cuadro pintado en blanco y negro como si fuera el gigantesco cartelón de una feria? En este caso, la feria de la muerte. El hecho que motivó esta pintura, icono de todo el arte del siglo XX, fue el bombardeo de la ciudad de Gernika, en el País Vasco; de ello ayer hizo 75 años, el crimen perpetrado por la aviación nazi enviada por Hitler: la Legión Cóndor. ¿Por qué justamente el cóndor cuando se bautiza alguna misión inhumana, despiadada e irracional como esta o la Operación Cóndor?

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El Pais – 27/4/2012 – Costa Rica

Guernica conmemora los 75 años del bombardeo de la Legión Cóndor

Guernica (España), 26 abr (dpa) – La localidad española de Guernica, en el País Vasco, conmemoró hoy el 75 aniversario del bombardeo de la Legión Cóndor del régimen nazi, que durante la guerra civil española (1936-1939) acudió en apoyo de las tropas franquistas y arrasó la ciudad, dejando cientos de muertos y heridos.  “Fue en Guernica cuando en toda Europa se hizo pedazos la inocencia de la guerra”, manifestó el jefe del gobierno regional del País Vasco, el socialista Patxi López.

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Yahoo – 27/4/2012 – Brasil

Sinos dobram por Guernica 75 anos depois de bombardeio

Os sinos das igrejas e as sirenes das fábricas soaram em Guernica durante quatro minutos à mesma hora em que o fizeram há 75 anos. Os moradores se reuniram em diferentes pontos do povoado para lembrar o bombardeio que no dia 26 de abril de 1937 destruiu a localidade espanhola. Naquele dia, desde às 15h45 e durante três horas, a Legião Condor (enviada por Adolf Hitler) e aviões de guerra italianos bombardearam o vilarejo com mais de 30 toneladas de explosivos e metralharam a população que fugia do ataque.

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Clarín – 27/4/2012 – Argentina

Alarmas antiaéreas y campanas en el 75° aniversario del ataque a Guernica

Las alarmas antiaéreas de esta ciudad destruida ayer hace 75 años, son muy poderosas, por si acaso. Arrancaron con un ulular ensordecedor a las 15.45, acompañadas por el repicar estremecedor de las campanas de las iglesias. Vecinos de la ciudad y de otras localidades próximas, así como visitantes extranjeros, se reunieron en la plaza frente a la Casa de Juntas que alberga el Arbol de Guernica, el más poderoso signo de identidad de los vascos porque bajo ese roble ancestral los reyes juraban respetar las libertades de Euskadi.

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La Voz – 27/4/2012 – Argentina

Guernica, ensayo devastador y un preludio de más horrores

De aquel bombardeo sobrevive el recuerdo de los niños. Es una memoria inocente, que mezcla juegos, carreras, explosiones y llamas. Aquellos niños son hoy abuelos y sobrevivientes de lo que sucedió el 26 de abril de 1937 entre las cuatro y las seis y media de la tarde en Guernica, cuando aquella localidad vasca fue aplastada por las bombas y arrasada por el fuego en el que fue el primer gran ensayo de un bombardeo a gran escala sobre una población civil. Durante 75 años han ejercido de testigos vivos de aquel episodio, como si la vida se detuviera en aquella fecha y no les hubiera permitido hacer otra cosa que envejecer para contarlo. Y, a pesar de todo, Andone Bidagueren todavía enrojece cuando se le pide por enésima vez que cuente lo que vivió aquella tarde. “Todavía me acaloro, no lo puedo evitar”, se reprocha.

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La Capital  – 27/4/2012 – Argentina

Guernica, un devastador ensayo militar y preludio de más horrores

l infierno comenzó en la tarde del 26 de abril de 1937. De forma inesperada, a las 16.30, aparecieron en el cielo de la pequeña ciudad vasca de Guernica los primeros bombarderos alemanes para ejecutar una orden brutal: reducir a escombros esta localidad del norte de España y causar la mayor cantidad de muertos posible, incluyendo a mujeres y niños. El bombardeo nazi en medio de la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) convirtió a Guernica hace 75 años en un símbolo mundial del horror militar, del sufrimiento indecible de la población civil en tiempos de guerra. Durante tres horas y media, los aviones de la Legión Cóndor bombardearon Guernica de forma sistemática. Más del 70 por ciento de los edificios quedó destruido, principalmente por la gran cantidad de bombas incendiarias arrojadas sobre la localidad.

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Los Andes – 27/4/2012 – Argentina

A 75 años del bombardeo de los nazis sobre Guernica

El 26 de abril de 1937, a las 16.30, la ciudad española de Guernica -que era el centro cultural de los vascos- fue bombardeada durante 3 horas, muriendo entre 126 y 300 personas, según algunos historiadores, ya que nunca se conocieron cifras oficiales. Ayer se cumplieron 75 años de la trágica jornada y los españoles la recordaron con numerosos actos en la ciudad reconstruidos y otros puntos del país.  La cabeza de un caballo, cuerpos desmembrados, una madre con su hijo muerto, una lamparita, son algunas de las figuras que pintó Pablo Picasso para describir el bombardeo de Guernica, ocurrido durante la Guerra Civil Española.

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Semana – 27/4/2012 – Colombia

A 75 años de su bombardeo, Guernica reclama el cuadro de Picasso

El bombardeo de Guernica, desatado el 26 de abril de 1937, constituye una fecha imprescindible en la historia de la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939), que enfrentó al bando republicano con las tropas del general sublevado Francisco Franco, en sintonía con los fascismos europeos de la época.
Los nacionalistas vascos combatían al lado de la República, y su ciudad “santa” fue atacada por la Legión Cóndor alemana y la Aviación Legionaria italiana en el marco de las operaciones para doblegar al ejército republicano en el norte del país. En esta localidad se ubican la Casa de Juntas y el Árbol de Guernica, símbolos del autogobierno vasco. Aún hoy se conservan en esta población que no supera los 15.000 habitantes.

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La Red 21 – 27/4/2012 – Uruguay

A 75 años del bombardeo, los vascos reclaman la obra de Picasso

Durante cuatro horas, los aviones,sin resistencia posible alguna, arrojaron sobre el pueblo unas 50 toneladas de bombas, destruyendo las tres cuartas partes de las construcciones existentes y matando hasta el día de hoy se desconoce que número exacto de personas -se calculan en 300, pero en su momento se habló de 3.000- así como desolando la comarca durante décadas. El terrible momento vivido, hizo que la República en 1937, y a pesar de estar en medio del fragor del conflicto, encargara a Pablo Picasso una obra que mostrara el horror de la guerra civil, y también que ganara adherentes a la causa.

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La República – 27/4/2012 – Perú

Guernica recuerda el bombardeo aéreo que la marcó hace 75 años

La ciudad cuya destrucción inspiró el cuadro más famoso de Pablo Picasso se ofrece 75 años después como un símbolo de paz frente a los horrores de la guerra mientras conserva la esperanza de acoger el lienzo que hoy se encuentra en un museo de Madrid. El bombardeo de Guernica, desatado el 26 de abril de 1937, constituye una fecha imprescindible en la historia de la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939), que enfrentó al bando republicano con las tropas del general sublevado Francisco Franco, aliado con los nazis alemanes y los fascistas italianos. Los nacionalistas vascos combatían al lado de la República, y su ciudad “santa”, como la recuerda uno de sus sobrevivientes, Luis Iriondo, fue atacada por la Legión Cóndor alemana y la Aviación Legionaria italiana.

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Prensa Latina – 27/4/2012 – Cuba

Evocan aniversario 75 de bombardeo a ciudad vasca de Guernica

Guernica evocará hoy con diversos actos el aniversario 75 del bombardeo que devastó a esa ciudad vasca en plena Guerra Civil española (1936-1939), tragedia inmortalizada por Pablo Picasso en el cuadro del mismo nombre.   El 26 de abril de 1937 aviones de la Legión Cóndor alemana, bajo el mando del teniente coronel Wolfram von Richthofen, bombardearon durante más de tres horas la localidad vizcaína, lo que provocó 126 muertos, según las estimaciones más recientes de historiadores.

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Bogota Vive in -26/4/2012 – Colombia

Guernica aún vive 75 años después

En plena Guerra Civil Española, y durante el gobierno de Francisco Franco en España, la llamada Legión Cóndor de Alemania bombardeó sin piedad la población vasca de Guernica un día como hoy, hace 75 años. El 26 de abril de 1937 pasó a la historia como un hito en materia de antibelicismo, en particular después de que Pablo Picasso pintó su célebre obra homónima, para la Exposición Internacional de París, el mismo año.

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La Nacion – 27/4/2012 -Argentina

Otro doloroso aniversario tiñe a la icónica Guernica

Las campanas de las iglesias y las sirenas de las fábricas sonaron ayer en Guernica por cuatro minutos a la misma hora en que lo hicieron hace 75 años, cuando la Legión Cóndor del régimen nazi acudió en apoyo de las tropas de Francisco Franco y, con un bombardeo masivo, arrasó la ciudad vasca y dejó cientos de muertos y heridos, en uno de los episodios más funestos de la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939).

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Reuters Brasil – 26/4/2012 – Brasil

Sinos dobram por Guernica 75 anos depois de bombardeio

BILBAO, Espanha, 26 Abr (Reuters) – Os sinos das igrejas e as sirenes das fábricas soaram em Guernica durante quatro minutos à mesma hora em que o fizeram há 75 anos. Os moradores se reuniram em diferentes pontos do povoado para lembrar o bombardeio que no dia 26 de abril de 1937 destruiu a localidade espanhola. Naquele dia, desde às 15h45 e durante três horas, a Legião Condor (enviada por Adolf Hitler) e aviões de guerra italianos bombardearam o vilarejo com mais de 30 toneladas de explosivos e metralharam a população que fugia do ataque. Guernica foi destruída e um incêndio posterior se prolongou por três dias, mas o número de mortos ainda é desconhecido.

Wooden Bicycles “Made in Euskadi”

We admit, we had no idea bicycles could be made out of wood.  That’s why we were so surprised to come across this story about a Basque co-op, Axalko, which has just jumped into the extraordinary world of building bikes from trees.  After a bit of googling wood bicycles, we discovered it’s a whole world, with top-level wooden bikes being made from California to Japan.

Honestly, it seems natural that in a country like the Basque Country, with our love of cycling, our dense forests, our high tech level, and the importance we give to co-ops, which all come together here in a unique and powerful way, a proposal like Axalko‘s would come to be.  As is to be expected, given it’s a high-level bike that’s completely handcrafted, they’re not cheap, and their niche market is a very specific group of cycling enthusiasts.

Axalko, the wooden bicycle that’s Made in the Basque Country

But really, it’s an awesome looking bike, if not outright spectacular, and we’re sure it’s going to generate a lot of interest, not only in the local Basque market, but all over the world, wherever great value is placed on things that are well made.

We’ll leave you with the article we found the information in, as well as a direct link to their explanatory video, which talks all about this new bike.

Headset Press – 18/4/2012 – Great Britain

Axalko: Basque Country inventiveness

Axalko: new generation of bicycle ‘luthiers’. That is what they say and I think they might be right. I like their honesty in why they produced them and what the bicycles are and what they are not. Wooden bikes are intriguing, I like the concept, but I’m never sure about the execution. These guys are doing a pretty good job of both. I t would be very interesting to test one and to see how wood works as a modern racing bike material.

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Axalko: new generation of bicycle ‘luthiers’ from Maite Felices on Vimeo.

Texto explicativo del video: aquí
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The Ikurriña, the base for the flag of Johnson County, Wyoming – Extended

This article was translated by John R. Bopp

We’ve spoken a lot here about the influence Basques have had on the world, which can be seen in full energy when we speak about the Basques in the US, as we found out reading the reports on the Basques in that country that we’ve gathered on our website.

We know full well how fundamentally important the Basque Community is throughout all Latin America: its weight, its political, economic, intellectual, and social influence, etc.  However, when we think about the Diaspora, we often think of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, or Mexico, but north of the Rio Grande, we know that the relatively minuscule colony of Basques in the US and Canada has been able to maintain its traditions and identities, and, more importantly, be recognized and respected by the communities they now live in.

That doesn’t mean they ever stop surprising us.  Today, that surprise came from Johnson County, Wyoming, with its seat at Buffalo.

It turns out that this year, they’re celebrating the 100th Wyoming State Fair.  For such a special occasion, all the cities and counties throughout the state were asked to send their flag so it could be shown all the days of the event.  Johnson County decided to buy three new flags: one for the Fair, one for the county seat at Buffalo, and another one for the town of Kayce, a small town located 45mi/70km south.

So, why are we mentioning all this?  Simple: the flag brings together all the basics of the county, its patrimony from its ancestors, which is why the base of the Johnson County flag is the ikurriña!

Thanks to Ion Gaztañaga for bringing this to our attention

Extension: we’re including a reference to a highly recommended blog called Basque Identity 2.0, which has published its own very interesting blog on the matter

Sheridan Media – 4/4/2012 – USA

Commissioners Approve Purchase Of Johnson County Flags

Johnson County will have their official flag flying in Douglas this year during the Wyoming State Fair August 11th through the 18th. The State Fair Board had requested cities and counties submit their flags for a special 100th Anniversary celebration at this year’s fair, and Johnson County will be represented during the celebration after the county commissioners approved the purchase of three flags.

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Basque Identity 2.0 – 4/8/2012 – Euskadi

The Flag

Within this grand introduction to the singular history of the Johnson County in the State of Wyoming, surrounded by wild beauty and its frontier origins, lie the story of the Espondas from Baigorri; the Harriets, the Etchemendys, the Urrizagas, and the Caminos from Arnegi; the Iberlins from Banca; the Ansolabeheres, the Iriberrys, and many others. These pioneer Basques all came from the tiny province of Nafarroa Beherea (approximately 0.5 square mile), in the Department of the Atlantic Pyrenees in France, and with a current population of 28,000 people. On the other hand, Johnson County, established in 1879, and its main city Buffalo, has a population of over 8,500 people on an area of 4,175 square mile.

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Eguzkilore: the Flower that Protects the Basques

Today is the Monday after Easter Sunday, when we Basques celebrate the Aberri Eguna, or Day of the Basque Fatherland.  On this ever so special Monday, we’d like to share with you the story and legend behind the eguzkilorea.  This humble yet powerful protective flower has, for centuries, if not millennia, been in charge of defending Basque homes from evil.

We’re doing so because we want to, not because it’s showed up in any international media outlet.  And we’re doing so because early this morning, a regular reader of ours sent us a link to a blog she writes in order to share this story.  We’re not much for believing in coincidences, and that’s why we can’t help thinking that this entry we’ve received, written on this date, has something to do with Aberri Eguna.

That’s why we thought, What does our traditional Eguzkilorea have to do with the Aberri Eguna?  We’re sure many will think nothing at all, but we think that there is a truly important relationship:

Thousands of years ago, the first Basques to inhabit today’s Land of the Basques thought that Amalur, the Mother Earth, gave us this dry flower of the silver thistle (Carlina acualis) as a way to protect homes from all the evil the darkness could bring.  About 120 years ago, in 1895, Sabino de Arana y Goirí created another symbol, the ikurriña, in order to protect and defend that land itself, Euskadi.

Yesterday, on the Aberri Eguna, the Ikurriña, that symbol of protection and identity was used by thousands of Basques on all six (inhabited) continents to remind the world, and ourselves, what our Homeland is.  So it’s a good thing that today, Easter Monday, we remember this other great protective symbol of the Basques.

Note: the blog we found this story about the eguzkilorea has disappeared (it’s a shame how easily information can disappear in this digital era), so we found the same story on another blog, AmaiurZen.  Check it out here in Spanish.


Eguzkilore

by Sandra Jiménez

(John R. Bopp translation)

Today, I’d like to share something with you that has nothing to do with Shiatsu, or therapies, or martial arts, but that does have something do with Amalur Zen.

On the page “Sobre Amalur Zen”, I wrote that the name “Amalur” comes from Basques, and means “Mother Earth“. This is the story of how Amalur created the sun, the moon, and the “Eguzkilore” to protect humans from evil spirits, as is told by Basque mythology.

The legend says that at the beginning of time, when humans started to populate the earth, there was no sun and no moon, and men were immersed in a great darkness, frightened by the many creatures that came forth from the earth: bulls on fire, flying horses, enormous dragons, genies, and witches, etc.  People lived in caves, fearful and anxious, until finally, in their despair, they decided to ask Amalur for help.  Given their insistence in their prayers, Amalur told them:

“My children, you’re asking me to help you, and that is what I shall do.  I shall create a lighted being that you will call Ilargi“.

And thus Amalur created the Moon, which, with its pale light, illuminated the night and scared off the creatures.  At the beginning, the men were afraid of the light and stayed in their caves, not daring to come out.  But then they saw that the creatures of the darkness fled from the light of the Ilargi, and they went out to celebrate, with great joy.  But the fear of the genies did not last long, and little by little, the creatures of the darkness became accustomed to the light of the Ilargi, and didn’t take long for them to start climbing out of their chasms and start bothering the humans again.  So, the people again turned to Amalur, this time asking her for something more powerful.

 “Amalur,” they said, “we are very grateful for the gift you gave us of the mother Moon, but we need something more powerful because the genies won’t stop persecuting us.”

“Very well,” replied Amalur, “I shall create an even brighter being you shall call Eguzki.”

And thus Amalur created the Sun.  That way, the Sun would shine by day and the Moon by night.  It was so big, bright, and warm that even the men needed time to get used to it.  Thanks to its heat and light, the plants grew, and more importantly, the genies and witches couldn’t get used to the great light during the day, and since then they could only go out at night.

But the men once again turned to Amalur to ask her for protection during the night, since the genies still came out of their chasms in the darkness of the night to bother them.  And it was then that Amalur created a flower that was so beautiful, the beings of the night, upon seeing it, would believe it was the Eguzki itself and would flee in terror.  That is the “Eguzkilore” (sun flower (not “sunflower”)).  And to this day, this is the symbol that protects and defends homes from the evil spirits, witches, and genies of illness, storms, lightning, and other enemies of man.

Since that time, to this day, this flower is still sought, to dry it and hang it on the door of the home to protect it from evil spirits.  It is popularly believed that the sorginak (witches) and lamiak (nymphs) could not enter into a home until they had counted all the leaves of the plant, but that they weren’t able to do so before dawn would break, forcing them back into their underground lairs.  In other versions, the mere sight of the eguzkilore on the door would make them believe it was the sun itself, and that dawn was about to break, meaning they needed to retire to their caves.

The Eguzkilore is the flower of the silver thistle (Carlina acaulis), a perennial plant with a stiff stem and low height, about 20 cm (8 in).  It grows close to the ground and blooms in the form of a rosette with short, spiny leaves.  The flowery head is in the center of the rosette.  It is known for not shrinking, always maintaining its beauty and freshness.  It grows on sunny stony slopes, fallows, and mountain meadows.

For Eva, who believed in me and saw me shine, and who gave me a very special Eguzkilore.

The old “French Town” in Los Angeles should have been called “Basque Town”

KCET, a public television station in California, and one of the most important in the US, has published a really interesting report on their website about the fleeting history of an area of LA the author of the article, Cedric Drake, called “French Town”.  This name, to our mind, is a misnomer, because, as he himself states in his article, the population was made up of Basques.

Throughout most of the 19th century, most Basques came from the Northern (French) Basque Country, Iparralde, and just as those from the Southern (Spanish) Basque Country, Hegoalde, they were euskaldunes: their mother tongue was Basque.  This can be clearly seen in an awful report written in the middle of the French Revolution on the existence of languages that were harmful to the Republic.

In the article itself, KCET jumps from one side of the border separating the Basque communities with great ease.  It’s not easy from outside to distinguish which side of the Pyrenees which Basques are from.  They all speak a strange tongue with unusual sounds; they’re all hard workers who are used to putting in an effort; they enjoy outdoor spaces; they tend to join up and form communities for mutual aid and support; they have a tendency to integrate well within their adopted homeland without losing contact with their homeland and traditions.  Moreover, it focuses on elements that clearly identify the initial Basque presence in the US: shepherds, inns, and jai alai courts.  Even in the part of the article on the structure the Basque descendants have today, it can be seen how references to Basques from all different regions get shared and mixed-up.

We do understand that at that time, it must have been hard to explain one was Basque, unless speaking with another.  For those who took them in, they were either Spanish or French.  After all, that’s what their passports said.  The Basques were not as well-known in the US as the Irish, which was under the British yoke at that time.  Also, the number of immigrants was smaller, and so too was their influence on society.

It has been the determination of the Basques of the diaspora to keep their roots alive that, over time, has meant that, in some parts of the US, when one speaks of a Basque, they are considered Basque, regardless of which side of the Pyrenees they come from.

But there was one thing that left us concerned: that cesta punta is a variation of the Basque handball that was born in the US.  Similarly, we believe that stating that pelota vasca comes from the French “jeu de paume”, that is at the very least highly questionable, as it is usually accepted that the juego de pelota was extended all across Europe during Roman times.

In any case, this is an amazing article covering a fascinating aspect of the presence of the Basques in Los Angeles and the history of their arrival to the US West Coast.

KCET – 4/4/2012 – USA

Boarding Houses and Handball Courts: The Fleeting Story of Los Angeles’ French Town

Part of French (Basque) Town in Los Angeles in 1900

Stroll down any street in Los Angeles, and you see diversity. You hear different languages, whether at a gas station, 7-Eleven, or supermarket; you are submerged in a multicultural environment. Ethnic groups such as Mexicans, Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, and Germans all shaped L.A. in some way, but with few traces of their once vast influence remaining, one group is often left out of the equation: the French. So how did they contribute to the growth of Los Angeles? Was it through art or agriculture? Or religion?

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The Basque paradigm: the debate about Basque specificity is over

This article was translated by John R. Bopp

Basques don’t have any relevant genetic differences with Spaniards.  That’s what was published just over two years ago by Spanish newspapers, with thinly-veiled ideological delight behind the use of the scientific terminology.  It was a study that had been performed at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona.  When the story broke, we got headlines like this:

Público – Sept 19, 2010

Los genes de los vascos no son diferentes (Basque genes are not different)

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Levante -Feb 22, 2012

Los valencianos tienen más diferencias genéticas con los españoles que los vascos (Valencians have more genetic differences with the Spanish than the Basques do)

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And all this, just two years after the Genographic Project, sponsored by the National Geographic Society, reached diametrically opposed conclusions:

The Genographic Project announced today the most comprehensive analysis to date of Basque genetic patterns, showing that Basque genetic uniqueness predates the arrival of agriculture in the Iberian Peninsula some 7,000 years ago. Through detailed DNA analysis of samples from the French and Spanish Basque regions, the Genographic team found that Basques share unique genetic patterns that distinguish them from the surrounding non-Basque populations.

In the Genographic Project’s press release, they even explain how a deeper, more detailed study was needed to detect this data and supercede earlier, erroneous conclusions:

It is a perfect example of why insisting and persisting on accuracy and the deepest possible phylogenetic analysis is a standard to be followed. We simply could not detect the signal in a lower level of resolution — it may have even led us to a completely opposite conclusion.

The study has been published in the American Journal of Human Genetic, and can be consulted at their website, behind a paywall.

We discussed similar news before, which even reached the same conclusions.  We don’t know if they might be a part of the study we’re talking about today.

In any case, we’ll keep an eye out to see if, on this occasion, the Spanish media decide to dedicate the same page space and interest they had two years ago to inform their readers of these new conclusions.  We’ll be keeping an eye out, but we’re not holding our breath.  This news will undoubtedly die away, meaning that in the collective imagination of the Spanish the idea, so celebrated by many of them, that the Basques’ being different is only an idea that Sabino Arana and his separatist boys came up with will remain.

National Geographic – 6/3/2012 – USA

Basque Origins Predate Arrival of Farmers in Iberian Peninsula, DNA Analysis Finds

Comprehensive analysis of Basque genetic patterns has found that Basque genetic uniqueness predates the arrival of agriculture in the Iberian Peninsula some 7,000 years ago, the Genographic Project announced today. “Through detailed DNA analysis of samples from the French and Spanish Basque regions, the Genographic team found that Basques share unique genetic patterns that distinguish them from the surrounding non-Basque populations,” Genographic said in a news statement. The Genographic Project seeks to chart new knowledge about the migratory history of the human species and answer age-old questions surrounding the genetic diversity of humanity. The project is a nonprofit, multi-year, global research partnership of National Geographic and IBM with field support by the Waitt Family Foundation.

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Medical Xpress – 6/3/2012 – USA

Basque roots revealed through DNA analysis

Published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, the study was led by Lluis Quintana-Murci, principal investigator of Genographic’s Western European regional center. “Our study mirrors European history and could certainly extend to other European peoples. We found that Basques share common genetic features with other European populations, but at the same time present some autochthonous (local) lineages that make them unique,” said Quintana-Murci. “This is reflected in their language, Euskara, a non-Indo-European language, which altogether contributes to the cultural richness of this European population.”

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American Journal of Human Genetics -23/2/2012 – USA

The Basque Paradigm: Genetic Evidence of a Maternal Continuity in the Franco-Cantabrian Region since Pre-Neolithic Times

Different lines of evidence point to the resettlement of much of western and central Europe by populations from the Franco-Cantabrian region during the Late Glacial and Postglacial periods. In this context, the study of the genetic diversity of contemporary Basques, a population located at the epicenter of the Franco-Cantabrian region, is particularly useful because they speak a non-Indo-European language that is considered to be a linguistic isolate. In contrast with genome-wide analysis and Y chromosome data, where the problem of poor time estimates remains, a new timescale has been established for the human mtDNA and makes this genome the most informative marker for studying European prehistory.

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The Basques, a people with more than 15,000 years of history, colonized Europe

This article was translated by John R. Bopp

Today, we’re going to make one of those exceptions we like so much.  We’re going to break our own rules and refer to a piece of news from a Basque medium, EITB-Basque Radio and Television.

And we’re doing so because this news item is just that good.  Our regular readers will already know that we love matters related to genetics, and this case will be no exception.  A study in with the University of the Basque Country (UPV) has participated has had some very interesting findings: that the Basques from the Baztán area of Navarre are direct descendents of the Basques that lived in our country 15,000 years ago.

But that’s not all.  The study also shows that 75% of the current inhabitants of Europe have as an ancestor a Basque riding horseback through the Pyrenees in the last ice age.  Or, to say it another way, our old people was the first to colonize Europe after the last ice age.

To this we’d like to add another reference, this time from Investigación y Ciencia, which is the Spanish edition of Scientific American, which, in January of 2003, published an article by Elisabeth Hamel, Theo Vannemann, and Peter Forster called “The Original Language of Prehistoric Europeans”, and which gave that title to Basque.  This linguistic article was accompanied by information from genetic studies that back up that claim.  This article is behind a paywall.

EITB – 20/2/2012 – Euskadi

À Baztan, des habitants descendent des Basques d’il y a 15.000 ans

Una vista del Valle del Baztan (Euskadi)

Les habitants de Baztan (Pays Basque sud, Navarre) se trouveraint parmi les populations les plus anciennes de l’Europe. De nombreux habitants descendent en ligne directe des Basques d’il y a 15.000 ans, selon le groupe de recherche BIOMICs de l’Université du Pays Basque, qui a analysé l’ADN mitochondrial, un ensemble de gènes que tout individu hérite uniquement de sa mère, de plus de 200 habitants de Baztan.

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ma.prehistoire.free.fr – 20/2/2012 – Francia

Les Européens viennent du Pays basque

En étudiant la répartition géographique de deux mutations observées au niveau de l’ADN mitochondrial, plusieurs équipes de généticiens ont supposé en 2001 que 75% des Européens seraient les descendants d’une population qui s’était réfugiée au Pays basque durant le dernier maximum glaciaire.

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Investigacion y Ciencia – 1/2003 – España

La lengua originaria de los europeos prehistóricos

En muchos topónimos y nombres de ríos europeos se agazapan palabras emparentadas con el vasco. Estos nombres se pusieron poco después de la última glaciación. Aun hoy todos los europeos están estrechamente emparentados con los vascos.
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A report on ‘bertsolarismo’ written by an American who loves our country

This article was translated by John R. Bopp

Our regular readers will remember Amanda Gonser, as she wrote an amazing article on the Olentzero for a newspaper in Washington state which we discussed here.  We knew then we’d be blogging about her again.  Today, it’s thanks to an article she’s written about bertsolarismo on the Big World blog, whose objective is to highlight lesser known realities that our globalized, homogenized media often leave behind while focusing on what’s better known.

This article was written by a person we simply must call “a friend of the Basques”.  By that, we want to highlight the fondness and interest that some from outside our borders have in sharing a true and fair vision of who we are and what we do.  This is in stark contrast to the negative stereotypes that others who don’t have any fondness for us have managed to make us most known for.

We’re sure that the hard word of many friends of the Basques can put a stop to that twisted view many have of the Basque People.  Unfortunately, people and peoples are not what they are, but rather what others think they are.  That’s why the extraordinary work of people like Amanda is so necessary for our future.

Eskerrik asko!

Big World – 12/1/2012 – USA

A Basque Poetry Slam. Defying Franco to keep an endangered language alive

Bertso improvisers 1933 (courtesy Gipuzkoa kultura)

Only traceable to the beginning of the 19th century, these spoken verses were mainly sung by literary people, typically in informal settings (at dinners, or while drinking with friends).  Although there are no records of bertsos from long ago, the tradition likely stretches back much further. It’s still a rich custom in the Basque country where I live.

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Welsh Children Sing “Ilargia” by Ken Zazpi (video)

What an absolutely amazing surprise!  We just heard the news (thanks to a reader!) that we could find the work of a Basque teacher, Iñaki Piérola, on YouTube.  While doing his teacher training at a school in Llanfairpwll, Wales, he saw how interested his students (and people in general) were in Basque culture, so of course he decided he needed to play the Basque classic “Ilargia” by Ken Zazpi with his students, aged 9 to 11.  The result?  Check it out for yourself in this amazing video.  The description is even available in three languages!  What more could you want? (English lyrics below)

Simply marvelous.  Zorionak eta eskerrik asko, Iñaki Piérola!

You Tube – 3/1/2012 – Wales

Welsh children singing Basque song (Ilargia by Ken Zazpi)

This is me (Iñaki Piérola @inaki.7) singing a Basque song with Welsh children. I spent 2 months doing my teaching practice in Llanfairpwll (Wales) and I thought that I’d be nice to sing a Basque song with children from years 5-6 (9, 10 and 11 years old; they didn’t know any Basque)…

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Ilargia The Moon
esaiozu euriari berriz ez jauzteko,
esan bakardadeari gaur ez etortzeko.
eusten nauen soka zara eta itotzen nauena,
ametsak sortu zizkidana, galtzen dituena.zuretzat ilargia lapurtuko nuke gauero,
eta zu itsu zaude bere argia ikusteko,
irribarrez, gero minez, eragin didazu negarra,
nire sua itzali da,
ez zara gaueko izar bakarra
ez zara!!esan sentitzen dudana ez dela egia,
une baten sinesteko ez garen guztiazuretzat ilargia lapurtuko nuke gauero,
eta zu itsu zaude bere argia ikusteko,
irribarrez, gero minez, eragin didazu negarra,
nire sua itzali da,
ez zara gaueko izar bakarra
ez zara!!
Tell the rain not to fall again,
Tell loneliness not to come today.
You are the rope that holds me and squeezes me,
That made me dream and that destroys themFor you, I would steal the moon every night
And you’re blinded by looking at its light
Laughing, then suffering, you’ve made me cry
My fire’s burned out
You’re not the only star at night
No, you’re not!Tell me what I feel is not true
To believe, for a moment, everything we aren’tFor you, I would steal the moon every night
And you’re blinded by looking at its light
Laughing, then suffering, you’ve made me cry
My fire’s burned out
You’re not the only star at night
No, you’re not!

 


Ken Zazpi, el grupo autor de la canción Ilargia
Ken Zazpi, the group behind “Ilargia”

Thorough, descriptive entry on the Basque shepherding dog, from New Zealand

This article was translated by John R. Bopp

Informed Farmers is a website written by local agricultural specialists in New Zealand, with the aim to help professionals in the sector gather reference information to help them get the most from their farms and ranches.

They’ve just published a beautiful report on the Basque shepherd breed, in which they talk about how it’s one of the oldest breeds known:

Neolithic cave prehistoric skeletal remains were found showing that 12000 years ago Basque shepherds and used it for grazing. 

It’s a great article about these beautiful, useful, and intelligent canines who have been alongside us since time immemorial.  The website is a true encyclopedia, full of useful information for farmers and ranchers around the world, definitely worth bookmarking.

Informed Farmers – 28/12/2011 – New Zealand

Basque Shepherd Dog

The Basque Shepherd Dog (Basque: Euskal artzain txakurra) is a breed of dog originating in the Basque Country and traditionally used by the local shepherds to help them take care of their cattle and sheep. The Pastor Vasco or Perro de Pastor Vasco is the Spanish name, and Euskal Artzain Txakurra, is the Basque, by which they are known in their homeland. It is believed that they originated from Central European shepherd dogs.

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